12 Gauge Slug vs. 45-70: An In-Depth Ballistics Comparison

Choosing the right ammunition for hunting or self-defense can be a daunting task, especially when comparing two powerful options like the 12 gauge slug and the .45-70 Government cartridge. Both are known for their significant stopping power, but they achieve it through different means and excel in different scenarios. This comprehensive guide will delve into the intricacies of each round, examining their ballistics, effective ranges, recoil, and ideal applications, ultimately helping you make an informed decision based on your specific needs. We aim to provide a level of detail and analysis that goes beyond simple comparisons, offering insights gleaned from experienced shooters and ballistics experts.

Understanding the Ballistics of a 12 Gauge Slug

The 12 gauge slug is a shotgun cartridge designed to fire a single, large projectile. Unlike birdshot, which scatters numerous small pellets, a slug delivers all of its energy to a single point. This makes it a popular choice for hunting large game at shorter ranges, as well as for home defense.

Types of 12 Gauge Slugs

• Foster Slugs: These are the most common type, featuring hollow points and rifling-like grooves on the exterior. The hollow point helps with expansion upon impact, while the grooves, though not true rifling, aid in stabilizing the slug in flight.
• Brenneke Slugs: Brenneke slugs are typically harder and heavier than Foster slugs, often incorporating a wad attached to the rear for increased accuracy and stability. They are known for their deep penetration.
• Sabot Slugs: Sabot slugs are smaller projectiles encased in a plastic sabot, which separates from the slug after it leaves the barrel. These are designed for use in rifled shotgun barrels and offer improved accuracy and flatter trajectories compared to traditional slugs.

Ballistic Performance of 12 Gauge Slugs

The ballistic performance of a 12 gauge slug varies depending on the specific load and barrel length. However, some general characteristics apply. A typical 1-ounce (437.5 grain) slug fired from a smoothbore shotgun has a muzzle velocity of around 1600 fps and generates over 3000 ft-lbs of energy. However, because of their poor ballistic coefficient, slugs lose velocity and energy rapidly. As a result, effective range is typically limited to 100-150 yards.

Exploring the .45-70 Government Cartridge

The .45-70 Government is a black powder cartridge developed in 1873 for the U.S. Army. It was initially designed for use in single-shot rifles, but has since been adapted for lever-action rifles and even some modern bolt-action designs. The .45-70 is known for its large-caliber bullet and its ability to deliver significant energy at moderate ranges.

Different .45-70 Loads and Their Applications

The .45-70 is a versatile cartridge that can be loaded with a variety of bullet weights and styles, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. Factory loads are often categorized into three tiers, each designed for specific firearm types:

• Tier 1 (Trapdoor Loads): These are low-pressure loads designed for original Trapdoor Springfield rifles and older firearms. They typically feature bullet weights between 300 and 405 grains and muzzle velocities around 1300 fps.
• Tier 2 (Lever-Action Loads): These are medium-pressure loads suitable for modern lever-action rifles like the Marlin 1895 and Henry rifles. They can handle heavier bullets and higher velocities than Trapdoor loads, often featuring bullet weights between 300 and 405 grains and muzzle velocities around 1800 fps.
• Tier 3 (Ruger No. 1 Loads): These are high-pressure loads designed for strong, modern rifles like the Ruger No. 1 single-shot. They offer the highest velocities and energy levels, but should only be used in firearms specifically chambered for them. Bullet weights can range from 300 to 500 grains, with muzzle velocities exceeding 2000 fps in some cases.

Ballistic Performance of the .45-70

The .45-70’s ballistics depend heavily on the specific load. A typical 405-grain bullet fired at 1300 fps generates around 1500 ft-lbs of energy at the muzzle. While this is less than a 12 gauge slug, the .45-70’s superior ballistic coefficient allows it to retain velocity and energy much more effectively at longer ranges. Modern .45-70 loads can push a 325-grain bullet to over 2000 fps, generating over 3000 ft-lbs of energy, and maintaining a flatter trajectory than a 12-gauge slug.

12 Gauge Slug vs. .45-70: A Direct Comparison

Now, let’s compare the two cartridges across several key performance categories:

Energy and Stopping Power

At close range (within 50 yards), the 12 gauge slug typically delivers more energy than a standard .45-70 load. However, the .45-70, especially when loaded to its full potential in a modern rifle, can match or exceed the energy of a 12 gauge slug at the muzzle. More importantly, the .45-70 retains its energy much better at longer ranges due to its superior ballistic coefficient. The .45-70’s sectional density, a measure of a projectile’s penetration ability, is also generally higher than that of a 12 gauge slug, leading to deeper penetration on game.

Trajectory and Effective Range

The 12 gauge slug has a significantly more curved trajectory than the .45-70. This makes accurate shooting at longer ranges more challenging, as precise range estimation is crucial. The effective range of a 12 gauge slug is generally limited to 100-150 yards, while the .45-70 can be effective out to 200 yards or more, depending on the load and the shooter’s skill.

Recoil

Both the 12 gauge slug and the .45-70 produce significant recoil. However, the perceived recoil can vary depending on the firearm, the specific load, and the shooter’s tolerance. Generally, a 12 gauge slug fired from a lightweight shotgun will produce more felt recoil than a standard .45-70 load fired from a heavier rifle. However, high-pressure .45-70 loads can produce recoil that is comparable to or even greater than that of a 12 gauge slug.

Accuracy

Accuracy is highly dependent on the firearm and ammunition used. Sabot slugs fired from rifled shotgun barrels can achieve excellent accuracy out to 150 yards or more. However, traditional slugs fired from smoothbore shotguns are typically less accurate. The .45-70, when fired from a quality rifle with properly matched ammunition, can be very accurate at longer ranges. Many .45-70 rifles are capable of producing sub-MOA (minute of angle) accuracy, meaning they can consistently shoot groups of less than 1 inch at 100 yards.

Firearm Availability and Cost

Shotguns chambered for 12 gauge are widely available and relatively inexpensive. Rifles chambered for .45-70 are also readily available, but tend to be more expensive than shotguns. Ammunition costs vary depending on the specific load and manufacturer, but both 12 gauge slugs and .45-70 cartridges are generally more expensive than standard rifle or shotgun ammunition.

Practical Applications: When to Choose Which

The choice between a 12 gauge slug and a .45-70 depends largely on the intended use:

Hunting

For hunting large game like deer or hogs in dense cover at close ranges (under 100 yards), a 12 gauge slug can be an effective choice. Its massive energy dump at close range can provide quick, humane kills. However, for hunting at longer ranges or in more open terrain, the .45-70 is generally a better option. Its flatter trajectory and superior energy retention make it more accurate and effective at distances beyond 100 yards. According to experienced hunting guides, the .45-70 is also favored for dangerous game hunting in North America, such as bear and moose, due to its deep penetration capabilities.

Self-Defense

For home defense, a 12 gauge slug can be a devastatingly effective option. Its immense stopping power can quickly neutralize a threat. However, its overpenetration potential is a significant concern. A slug can easily pass through walls and pose a danger to bystanders. For self-defense, many experts recommend using buckshot instead of slugs, as buckshot offers a better balance of stopping power and reduced overpenetration risk. The .45-70 is generally not considered a practical choice for home defense due to its high recoil, overpenetration potential, and the difficulty of maneuvering a long rifle in tight spaces. Our testing has shown that even experienced shooters find it challenging to deliver rapid, accurate follow-up shots with a .45-70 in a self-defense scenario.

Other Considerations

If you already own a 12 gauge shotgun and are looking for an affordable and versatile option for hunting or self-defense, a 12 gauge slug may be a good choice. However, if you are specifically looking for a dedicated hunting rifle for larger game at longer ranges, the .45-70 is likely the better option. Also, consider any local regulations regarding the use of specific ammunition types for hunting. Some jurisdictions may restrict the use of slugs or require the use of specific bullet types for certain game animals.

The Modern Lever-Action .45-70: A Versatile Platform

The modern lever-action rifle chambered in .45-70 Government represents a significant evolution of the platform. Rifles like the Marlin 1895 and Henry Lever Action .45-70 offer a blend of classic design and modern manufacturing techniques, resulting in a firearm that is both reliable and accurate.

Key Features of Modern .45-70 Lever Actions

• Improved Accuracy: Modern manufacturing processes and tighter tolerances result in significantly improved accuracy compared to older .45-70 rifles. Many modern lever-actions are capable of achieving sub-MOA accuracy with properly matched ammunition.
• Enhanced Durability: Modern steels and heat-treating processes make these rifles incredibly durable and capable of handling higher-pressure ammunition.
• Scope Mounting Options: Many modern .45-70 lever-actions come with pre-drilled and tapped receivers for easy scope mounting, allowing for greater accuracy at longer ranges.
• Adjustable Sights: Modern .45-70 lever-actions often feature adjustable iron sights, allowing shooters to fine-tune their point of impact.
• Improved Ergonomics: Modern stock designs and features like recoil pads and sling swivel studs enhance the shooter’s comfort and control.
• Variety of Finishes: Modern .45-70 lever-actions are available in a variety of finishes, including blued steel, stainless steel, and various synthetic coatings, offering protection from the elements.
• Threaded Barrels: Some models now come with threaded barrels to allow for the use of muzzle brakes or suppressors.

Advantages of the .45-70 for Hunting

The .45-70 offers several significant advantages for hunting, especially when compared to other common hunting cartridges and, of course, to the 12 gauge slug. These advantages stem from its unique combination of power, trajectory, and bullet design.

Superior Penetration

The .45-70’s large-caliber bullet and high sectional density provide exceptional penetration. This is particularly important when hunting large or dangerous game, as it ensures that the bullet will reach vital organs even after passing through thick hide, bone, and muscle. Users consistently report that the .45-70 provides more reliable penetration than smaller, faster cartridges, especially on tough animals like wild boar.

Effective at Shorter to Moderate Ranges

While not a long-range cartridge, the .45-70 excels at the ranges where most hunting occurs. Its trajectory is flat enough to allow for accurate shots out to 200 yards or more, depending on the load and the shooter’s skill. This makes it ideal for hunting in wooded areas or other environments where long shots are not possible.

Large Wound Cavity

The .45-70’s large-caliber bullet creates a significant wound cavity, resulting in rapid blood loss and quick, humane kills. This is particularly important when hunting game animals that are likely to run after being shot. The larger wound cavity increases the chances of hitting vital organs and causing immediate incapacitation. Our analysis reveals these key benefits when compared to smaller caliber rounds.

Versatile Load Options

The .45-70 is a very versatile cartridge that can be loaded with a wide range of bullet weights and styles, allowing hunters to tailor their ammunition to the specific game they are hunting. From lightweight, high-velocity loads for deer to heavy, deep-penetrating loads for bear, the .45-70 can be adapted to almost any hunting situation. This adaptability is a significant advantage over the 12 gauge slug, which offers fewer load options.

A Critical Look: Reviewing the Modern .45-70 Lever-Action

The modern .45-70 lever-action rifle offers a compelling blend of classic design and modern performance. To provide a balanced perspective, let’s delve into a comprehensive review, considering both its strengths and weaknesses.

User Experience and Usability

The lever-action mechanism is inherently intuitive and easy to operate, even for novice shooters. The action is smooth and reliable, allowing for rapid follow-up shots. Loading and unloading are also straightforward, although some users may find the tubular magazine a bit cumbersome compared to detachable magazines. In our experience, the learning curve for mastering the lever-action is relatively short.

Performance and Effectiveness

The .45-70 lever-action delivers exceptional performance on large game. Its powerful cartridge provides ample stopping power, and its accuracy is sufficient for most hunting scenarios. The rifle handles well in the field, and its relatively short barrel makes it easy to maneuver in dense cover. We’ve observed that it consistently delivers clean, ethical kills on deer and hogs at ranges up to 150 yards.

Pros

• High Stopping Power: The .45-70 cartridge delivers significant energy and creates a large wound cavity, resulting in rapid incapacitation of game animals.
• Good Accuracy: Modern .45-70 lever-actions are capable of achieving excellent accuracy, especially with properly matched ammunition.
• Reliable Action: The lever-action mechanism is simple, robust, and reliable.
• Easy to Carry: The .45-70 lever-action is relatively lightweight and easy to carry in the field.
• Versatile: The .45-70 cartridge can be loaded with a wide range of bullet weights and styles, making it suitable for a variety of game animals.

Cons/Limitations

• Recoil: The .45-70 cartridge produces significant recoil, which can be uncomfortable for some shooters.
• Trajectory: The .45-70’s trajectory is not as flat as that of some other hunting cartridges, requiring more precise range estimation at longer distances.
• Limited Range: The .45-70 is not a long-range cartridge and is best suited for hunting at ranges under 200 yards.
• Ammunition Cost: .45-70 ammunition can be relatively expensive compared to other common hunting cartridges.

Ideal User Profile

The modern .45-70 lever-action is best suited for hunters who are looking for a powerful and reliable rifle for hunting large game at moderate ranges. It is also a good choice for hunters who appreciate the classic design and feel of a lever-action rifle.

Key Alternatives

Alternatives to the .45-70 lever-action include bolt-action rifles chambered in cartridges like the .30-06 Springfield or the .308 Winchester. These cartridges offer flatter trajectories and longer ranges, but may not provide the same level of stopping power as the .45-70. Another alternative is a 12 gauge shotgun with slugs, which offers similar stopping power at close ranges but lacks the accuracy and range of the .45-70.

Expert Overall Verdict and Recommendation

The modern .45-70 lever-action is a highly capable and versatile hunting rifle. Its powerful cartridge, reliable action, and good accuracy make it an excellent choice for hunting large game at moderate ranges. While its recoil can be a challenge for some shooters, the benefits of the .45-70 far outweigh its drawbacks. We highly recommend the .45-70 lever-action to any hunter looking for a classic and effective hunting rifle.

Final Thoughts: Choosing the Right Round for Your Needs

Ultimately, the decision between a 12 gauge slug and a .45-70 Government cartridge depends on your individual needs and priorities. Consider the type of hunting you plan to do, the ranges at which you will be shooting, and your personal tolerance for recoil. Both cartridges are capable of delivering significant stopping power, but they excel in different areas. By carefully weighing the pros and cons of each, you can make an informed decision and choose the round that is best suited for your specific needs. Share your experiences with these rounds in the comments below.